Pierre wrote a sequel in 1179 (called Branch I) but between that date and after many French authors composed their own adventures for Renart li goupil (the fox). Cloud (though in all French editions it is designated as Branch II). In 1174, the first branch or chapter of the Roman de Renart appears, written by Pierre de St. Both of these early sources seem to draw on a pre-existing store of popular culture featuring the character. He also puts in an early appearance in a number of Latin sequences by the preacher Odo of Cheriton. 1148-1153 by the poet Nivardus in Ghent, that collects a great store of Reynard's adventures. Reynard appears first in the medieval Latin fabliau and mock epic Ysengrimus, a long Latin mock-epic written ca. Reynard's wife Hermeline appears in the stories, but plays little active role, although in some versions she remarries when Reynard is thought dead, thereby becoming one of the people he plans revenge upon. Some of the tales feature Reynard's funeral, where his enemies gather to deliver maudlin elegies full of insincere piety, and which feature Reynard's posthumous revenge. Reynard's principal castle, Maupertuis, is available to him whenever he needs to hide away from his enemies. The stories typically involve satire whose usual butts are the aristocracy and the clergy, making Reynard a peasant-hero character. Other anthropomorphic animals, including Bruin the Bear, Baldwin the Ass, Tibert (Tybalt) the Cat, all attempt one stratagem or another. Reynard has been summoned to the court of king Noble, or Leo, the Lion, to answer charges brought against him by Isengrim the Wolf. An extensive treatment of the character is the Old French Le Roman de Renart written by Pierre de Saint Cloud around 1175, which sets the typical setting. The figure of Reynard is thought to have originated in Alsace-Lorraine folklore from where it spread to France, the Low Countries, and Germany. In medieval European folklore and literature
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